Brain Drain
“Brain drain” or human capital flight is the emigration of trained and skilled individuals ("human capital") to other countries. It refers to the emigration of doctors, engineers, researchers and teachers to more favourable environments. “Brain Drain” is therefore a potentially serious barrier to economic growth, development and poverty reduction in developing countries.Scientists, engineers, academics and physicians, who have been trained with little available resources in the hope of a better future in their countries, desert and flee. However, this has simply left helplessness to developing countries that have been loosing thousands of their highly educated workers for the benefits of rich countries such as the US, Canada and Australia.
Thursday, 26 February 2009
Brain Drain
Brain Drain
Brain Drain is considered a problem of extreme importance for many developing countries. The concept of "brain drain" indicates the “flight” of resources in the form of human capital, especially the migration of skilled professionals. A large number of highly educated individuals from developing countries work in North America and Western Europe.
The migration of academics, scientists and other experts with high skills, from developing countries to Europe and North America has reached alarming proportions. A recent World Bank report estimated that 23,000 qualified academicians were emigrating from Africa each year.
The causes of brain drain vary from one country to another, but the most common causes are mainly economical. These highly skilled workers and graduates emigrate in search of better working and living conditions. They intent to avoid economic hardships prevailing in their countries of origin: poor performance, insufficient creation of news jobs and limited capacity to absorb qualified personnel. Inadequate national policies for training, employing, and giving incentives to qualified professionals are additional reasons to leave the country.
Some developed countries have put in place, emigration policies and laws which actively seek to attract and retain qualified personnel from other parts of the world. Consequently, those leaving are the very people that developing countries need to develop their economies. They are unable to pass on their skills to next generation of Africans.
This phenomenon has two negative effects. On the one hand, the origin countries lose human capital and thus are deprived of one of the engines of future economic growth; on the other hand, these countries waste a considerable part of their public funds invested during these emigrants' education and formation.
In order to stop or at least to reduce this collective flight, developing countries should think of practical measures to curve this phenomenon. Policy makers in poor countries should seriously think of offering these emigrants higher wages at home since they are driven away by a strong desire for a better life and better living conditions. Additionally, better working facilities and satisfactory working conditions may dissuade these skills and competencies from leaving their countries, which would turn brain drain into brain gain.
Brain Drain is considered a problem of extreme importance for many developing countries. The concept of "brain drain" indicates the “flight” of resources in the form of human capital, especially the migration of skilled professionals. A large number of highly educated individuals from developing countries work in North America and Western Europe.
The migration of academics, scientists and other experts with high skills, from developing countries to Europe and North America has reached alarming proportions. A recent World Bank report estimated that 23,000 qualified academicians were emigrating from Africa each year.
The causes of brain drain vary from one country to another, but the most common causes are mainly economical. These highly skilled workers and graduates emigrate in search of better working and living conditions. They intent to avoid economic hardships prevailing in their countries of origin: poor performance, insufficient creation of news jobs and limited capacity to absorb qualified personnel. Inadequate national policies for training, employing, and giving incentives to qualified professionals are additional reasons to leave the country.
Some developed countries have put in place, emigration policies and laws which actively seek to attract and retain qualified personnel from other parts of the world. Consequently, those leaving are the very people that developing countries need to develop their economies. They are unable to pass on their skills to next generation of Africans.
This phenomenon has two negative effects. On the one hand, the origin countries lose human capital and thus are deprived of one of the engines of future economic growth; on the other hand, these countries waste a considerable part of their public funds invested during these emigrants' education and formation.
In order to stop or at least to reduce this collective flight, developing countries should think of practical measures to curve this phenomenon. Policy makers in poor countries should seriously think of offering these emigrants higher wages at home since they are driven away by a strong desire for a better life and better living conditions. Additionally, better working facilities and satisfactory working conditions may dissuade these skills and competencies from leaving their countries, which would turn brain drain into brain gain.
Brain Drain
“Brain Drain”
The reasons why skilled and talented people emigrate from developing countries are:
A- Push factors
1) Under employment/ full unemployment
2) Economic under development
3) Low wages/salaries
4) Lack of research centres and other facilities
5) Discrimination in appointment and promotion/ corruption
6) Poor working facilities and lack of satisfactory working conditions
7) Lack of scientific tradition and culture
8) Unsuitable institution
9) Desire for a better life/ better living standards
10) Desire for higher qualification and recognition
B- Pull factors:
1) Better economic prospects
2) Higher salaries and income
3) Better level of living and way of life
4) Better research facilities
5) Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualifications
6) Prestige of foreign training
7) Intellectual freedom/ freedom of speech
8) Better working condition and better employment opportunities
9) Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition
The reasons why skilled and talented people emigrate from developing countries are:
A- Push factors
1) Under employment/ full unemployment
2) Economic under development
3) Low wages/salaries
4) Lack of research centres and other facilities
5) Discrimination in appointment and promotion/ corruption
6) Poor working facilities and lack of satisfactory working conditions
7) Lack of scientific tradition and culture
8) Unsuitable institution
9) Desire for a better life/ better living standards
10) Desire for higher qualification and recognition
B- Pull factors:
1) Better economic prospects
2) Higher salaries and income
3) Better level of living and way of life
4) Better research facilities
5) Modern educational system and better opportunity for higher qualifications
6) Prestige of foreign training
7) Intellectual freedom/ freedom of speech
8) Better working condition and better employment opportunities
9) Presence of a rich, scientific and cultural tradition
Saturday, 21 February 2009
THE INTERNET AND THE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
THE INTERNET AND THE DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION
The Internet is responsible for the wide dissemination of information all over the world. It is perhaps the greatest invention of the 20th century and gives great power to its users.
The Internet has its own culture, its own way of communicating. No law enforcement, no national boundaries as well as free access to every kind of information known to mankind. It has become familiar to many children all over the world. Some of them use the Internet everyday. Parents need to be in close touch with their kids as they explore the Internet. Moreover, teachers need to help students use it appropriately and safely.
Kids and teenagers need to learn to be responsible for their own behaviour on the Internet with guidance from their families and communities. It's not at all uncommon for them to know more about the Internet and computers than their parents or teachers. If that's the case in your home or classroom, don't despair. You can use this as an opportunity to turn the tables by having your child teach you a thing or two about the Internet. Get your children to talk to you about what's good and what is not really good about their Internet experience.
Just as adults need to help kids stay safe, they also need to learn not to overreact when they find out a child or a teenager has been surfing inappropriate material or strayed from a rule. Don't blame or punish your kids if they tell you about an uncomfortable on line encounter. Your best strategy is to work with them, so you both can learn from what happened and figure out how to keep it from happening again.
Adolescents and young adults have become the largest segment of the world population with Internet access. For that reason, the threat posed by drug-related activities occurring on the Internet is quite serious.
But the Internet has so far served as a very valuable tool to bring mankind closer together and to remove some of the barriers inherent in the "real" world. It has had a great impact on those countries that have adopted its use and provides some kind of measure of the gap between first world and third world countries.
The Internet is responsible for the wide dissemination of information all over the world. It is perhaps the greatest invention of the 20th century and gives great power to its users.
The Internet has its own culture, its own way of communicating. No law enforcement, no national boundaries as well as free access to every kind of information known to mankind. It has become familiar to many children all over the world. Some of them use the Internet everyday. Parents need to be in close touch with their kids as they explore the Internet. Moreover, teachers need to help students use it appropriately and safely.
Kids and teenagers need to learn to be responsible for their own behaviour on the Internet with guidance from their families and communities. It's not at all uncommon for them to know more about the Internet and computers than their parents or teachers. If that's the case in your home or classroom, don't despair. You can use this as an opportunity to turn the tables by having your child teach you a thing or two about the Internet. Get your children to talk to you about what's good and what is not really good about their Internet experience.
Just as adults need to help kids stay safe, they also need to learn not to overreact when they find out a child or a teenager has been surfing inappropriate material or strayed from a rule. Don't blame or punish your kids if they tell you about an uncomfortable on line encounter. Your best strategy is to work with them, so you both can learn from what happened and figure out how to keep it from happening again.
Adolescents and young adults have become the largest segment of the world population with Internet access. For that reason, the threat posed by drug-related activities occurring on the Internet is quite serious.
But the Internet has so far served as a very valuable tool to bring mankind closer together and to remove some of the barriers inherent in the "real" world. It has had a great impact on those countries that have adopted its use and provides some kind of measure of the gap between first world and third world countries.
Friday, 20 February 2009
LINKING WORDS :EXPRESSING PURPOSE
LINKING WORDS :EXPRESSING PURPOSE
We can use infinitives to(do) in order (not) to (do), so as (not) do to express purpose.
We came to the countryside to find some peace and quiet.
I went to the music shop to buy the last Eminem CD.
Be careful when handling a knife so as not to /in order not to get injured.
Handle the flowers carefully so as not to / in order not to damage them.
So that, in order that + clause ( often with the verbs can, could, may, might, will would in the clause ).
He is studying very hard this term so that / in order that he will / can / may go to a good university.
I turned off the radio so that/in order that I might / would / could hear what was happening in the street. He chose this University so that /in order that he might / would /could study English.
We can use infinitives to(do) in order (not) to (do), so as (not) do to express purpose.
We came to the countryside to find some peace and quiet.
I went to the music shop to buy the last Eminem CD.
Be careful when handling a knife so as not to /in order not to get injured.
Handle the flowers carefully so as not to / in order not to damage them.
So that, in order that + clause ( often with the verbs can, could, may, might, will would in the clause ).
He is studying very hard this term so that / in order that he will / can / may go to a good university.
I turned off the radio so that/in order that I might / would / could hear what was happening in the street. He chose this University so that /in order that he might / would /could study English.
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING ADDITION
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING ADDITION
Besides, in addition and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence following the first statement made.
I don´t really want to go out tonight. Besides / in addition / furthermore, there is a good film on TV.
Mr.Salhi is an intelligent and stimulating teacher, furthermore , he takes an interest in the personal well- being of his students.
Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal.
Moreover can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional information.
This theory about the origins of the Universe is new. Moreover, it is extremely interesting.
Not only ...but also / as well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give additional information.
The painting is not only valuable but also a work of art.
She not only writes novels but she lectures as well.
The house was not only large but it was also modern.
Notice but also are used together when there is no subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence. But...also are separated when there is a verb in the second part of the sentence.
Not only can come at the beginning of the first part of a sentence to emphasize what the speaker is saying. In this case, it is necessary to change the order of the subject and verb. In sentences like these the subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence are usually mentioned and but...also are separated.
Not only is the restaurant superb but it is also expensive.
As well as and in addition to can be folllowed by a single word, a phrase or ...-ing.
Sabrin speaks English fluently as well as / in addition to Spanish.
They robbed a bank in addition to / as well as a post office.
As well as being sent to prison they were fined 9000 dhs.
Besides, in addition and furthermore can be used at the beginning of the sentence following the first statement made.
I don´t really want to go out tonight. Besides / in addition / furthermore, there is a good film on TV.
Mr.Salhi is an intelligent and stimulating teacher, furthermore , he takes an interest in the personal well- being of his students.
Notice besides is less formal, furthermore is more formal.
Moreover can be used at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence which gives additional information.
This theory about the origins of the Universe is new. Moreover, it is extremely interesting.
Not only ...but also / as well can link two sentences, phrases or words to give additional information.
The painting is not only valuable but also a work of art.
She not only writes novels but she lectures as well.
The house was not only large but it was also modern.
Notice but also are used together when there is no subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence. But...also are separated when there is a verb in the second part of the sentence.
Not only can come at the beginning of the first part of a sentence to emphasize what the speaker is saying. In this case, it is necessary to change the order of the subject and verb. In sentences like these the subject pronoun and verb in the second part of the sentence are usually mentioned and but...also are separated.
Not only is the restaurant superb but it is also expensive.
As well as and in addition to can be folllowed by a single word, a phrase or ...-ing.
Sabrin speaks English fluently as well as / in addition to Spanish.
They robbed a bank in addition to / as well as a post office.
As well as being sent to prison they were fined 9000 dhs.
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING CONTRAST
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING CONTRAST
Although, even though + clause can come before or after the main clause.
Although/Even though the car is old, it is still reliable.
Although I’m not used to playing tennis, I played it quite well yesterday.
Notice even though is more informal.
Despite, in spite of + a noun or noun phrase or -ing form.
In spite of the noise, the students could study for their test.
In spite of/Despite the rain, I went for a walk.
Despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + clause.
In spite of the fact that it was raining, the celebration took place as usual.
However / nevertheless / nonetheless can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.
Many people think that scientists are abusing of animals. However, the same people do nothing to stop the problem.
Buying a house is expensive. It is, however, a good investment.
Though is more informal and comes at the end of a sentence.
I’m determined to buy a house this year, I don’t know Where exactly, though.
It’s a big decision to make, though.
But, while, whereas are usually placed in the middle of two main clauses expresing contrasting ideas.
Fayssal is very rich but/while/whereas his friends are extremely poor.
On the one hand and on the other hand can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of two sentences expressing contrasting ideas.
On the one hand these computers are expensive. On the other hand they are exactly what we want.
Notice on the other hand is often used at the beginning of the second sentence.
Although, even though + clause can come before or after the main clause.
Although/Even though the car is old, it is still reliable.
Although I’m not used to playing tennis, I played it quite well yesterday.
Notice even though is more informal.
Despite, in spite of + a noun or noun phrase or -ing form.
In spite of the noise, the students could study for their test.
In spite of/Despite the rain, I went for a walk.
Despite the fact that, in spite of the fact that + clause.
In spite of the fact that it was raining, the celebration took place as usual.
However / nevertheless / nonetheless can come at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of a sentence.
Many people think that scientists are abusing of animals. However, the same people do nothing to stop the problem.
Buying a house is expensive. It is, however, a good investment.
Though is more informal and comes at the end of a sentence.
I’m determined to buy a house this year, I don’t know Where exactly, though.
It’s a big decision to make, though.
But, while, whereas are usually placed in the middle of two main clauses expresing contrasting ideas.
Fayssal is very rich but/while/whereas his friends are extremely poor.
On the one hand and on the other hand can be used at the beginning, in the middle or at the end of two sentences expressing contrasting ideas.
On the one hand these computers are expensive. On the other hand they are exactly what we want.
Notice on the other hand is often used at the beginning of the second sentence.
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING RESULT
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING RESULT
So + adjective / adverb + that + clause.
He was so tired that he went to bed early.
The secretary types so quickly that she always has her work in time.
The film was so boring that I went out before the end.
He spoke Spanish so well that everyone thought he was Spanish.
Such + noun + that + clause.
It`s such a cold day that I will stay in bed.
It was such a difficult exam that he knew he wouldn´t pass it.
So + clause
Mr. Dahmani was sleeping, so she didn’t hear the thief.
It was late so he decided to take a taxi home.
As a result, consequently, can begin a new sentence.
And, as a result, is used in the middle of a sentence.
Therefore often comes in the middle of a sentence ( it can also come at the beginning or the end ).
His wife left him and, as a result, he became very depressed.
I studied a lot, as a result I got an excellent mark.
El Guerrouj trained hard for many years and, as a result, he became one of the best athlete in Morocco.
The food was bad, therefore, we didn’t eat it.
So + adjective / adverb + that + clause.
He was so tired that he went to bed early.
The secretary types so quickly that she always has her work in time.
The film was so boring that I went out before the end.
He spoke Spanish so well that everyone thought he was Spanish.
Such + noun + that + clause.
It`s such a cold day that I will stay in bed.
It was such a difficult exam that he knew he wouldn´t pass it.
So + clause
Mr. Dahmani was sleeping, so she didn’t hear the thief.
It was late so he decided to take a taxi home.
As a result, consequently, can begin a new sentence.
And, as a result, is used in the middle of a sentence.
Therefore often comes in the middle of a sentence ( it can also come at the beginning or the end ).
His wife left him and, as a result, he became very depressed.
I studied a lot, as a result I got an excellent mark.
El Guerrouj trained hard for many years and, as a result, he became one of the best athlete in Morocco.
The food was bad, therefore, we didn’t eat it.
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING REASON
LINKING WORDS : EXPRESSING REASON
Since, as, seeing that + clause often come before the main clause.
Since /Seeing that /As we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
Because + clause usually comes after the main clause.
We couldn’t find a good seat because all the best ones had been taken.
Our Arabic teacher came late because her car broke down.
Because of, as a result of, owing to and due to are followed by a noun or noun phrase.
We are unable to go by train because of the rail strike.
Our national football team couldn’t travel because of the bad weather.
The students have learnt a lot due to this new project.
Many of the deaths of older people are due to heart attacks.
Notice due to means: “ A ” is caused by “ B ” or “ A “ is resulting from “ B “.
Since, as, seeing that + clause often come before the main clause.
Since /Seeing that /As we arrived late, all the best seats had been taken.
Because + clause usually comes after the main clause.
We couldn’t find a good seat because all the best ones had been taken.
Our Arabic teacher came late because her car broke down.
Because of, as a result of, owing to and due to are followed by a noun or noun phrase.
We are unable to go by train because of the rail strike.
Our national football team couldn’t travel because of the bad weather.
The students have learnt a lot due to this new project.
Many of the deaths of older people are due to heart attacks.
Notice due to means: “ A ” is caused by “ B ” or “ A “ is resulting from “ B “.
Noun + Preposition Followed by Gerunds
Noun + Preposition Followed by Gerunds
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used noun + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
addiction to
His addiction to surfing the Internet is a problem.
advantage of
He has the advantage of speaking English fluently.
anxiety about
Her anxiety about speaking in public caused her to lose the job.
belief in
His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from his mother.
credit for
She took credit for improving the filing system.
dedication to
His dedication to teaching is impressive.
delay in
The delay in processing the visa caused problems.
devotion to
His devotion to biking allowed him to win the competition.
disadvantage of
The disadvantage of flying is that you can't see the scenery along the way.
experience in
She has a great deal of experience in introducing new products to international markets.
fear of
His fear of flying made travel difficult.
fondness for
Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry.
habit of
His habit of smoking a lot causes him many problems.
interest in
Her career as a pilot evolved out of her interest in flying.
knowledge of
Her knowledge of climbing helped her during the competition.
love of
His love of singing developed when he was a child.
memory of
Their memories of traveling in the South will stay with them forever.
preference for
I think his preference for speaking his native language is natural.
process of
The process of painting such a large mural is more complicated than you might think.
reaction to
His reaction to winning the prize was quite funny.
reason for
The main reason for taking the course is to improve your language skills.
regret for
The criminal's regret for committing the crime did not convince the judge.
report on
The magazine's report on choosing the right career was not well researched.
reputation for
Her reputation for lying is well known.
responsibility for
His responsibility for completing the project on time was acknowledged by the company.
story about
I don't know if I believe his story about seeing a UFO.
talent for
His talent for learning languages was impressive.
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used noun + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
addiction to
His addiction to surfing the Internet is a problem.
advantage of
He has the advantage of speaking English fluently.
anxiety about
Her anxiety about speaking in public caused her to lose the job.
belief in
His belief in not harming animals was something he learned from his mother.
credit for
She took credit for improving the filing system.
dedication to
His dedication to teaching is impressive.
delay in
The delay in processing the visa caused problems.
devotion to
His devotion to biking allowed him to win the competition.
disadvantage of
The disadvantage of flying is that you can't see the scenery along the way.
experience in
She has a great deal of experience in introducing new products to international markets.
fear of
His fear of flying made travel difficult.
fondness for
Her fondness for traveling led to her career in the travel industry.
habit of
His habit of smoking a lot causes him many problems.
interest in
Her career as a pilot evolved out of her interest in flying.
knowledge of
Her knowledge of climbing helped her during the competition.
love of
His love of singing developed when he was a child.
memory of
Their memories of traveling in the South will stay with them forever.
preference for
I think his preference for speaking his native language is natural.
process of
The process of painting such a large mural is more complicated than you might think.
reaction to
His reaction to winning the prize was quite funny.
reason for
The main reason for taking the course is to improve your language skills.
regret for
The criminal's regret for committing the crime did not convince the judge.
report on
The magazine's report on choosing the right career was not well researched.
reputation for
Her reputation for lying is well known.
responsibility for
His responsibility for completing the project on time was acknowledged by the company.
story about
I don't know if I believe his story about seeing a UFO.
talent for
His talent for learning languages was impressive.
Adjective + Preposition Followed by Gerunds
Adjective + Preposition Followed by Gerunds
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
accustomed to
He is accustomed to having black coffee for breakfast.
addicted to
She is addicted to watching TV.
afraid of
She is afraid of speaking in public.
anxious about
Nora is anxious about making the presentation.
bored of
I am bored of doing the same old job.
capable of
He is capable of winning a gold medal.
committed to
She is committed to improving her English.
concerned about
Nawal was concerned about being late.
content with
Talal is content with winning second place.
dedicated to
The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.
devoted to
The money will be devoted to protecting the environment.
disappointed with
Farah was disappointed with coming in third place.
discouraged by
He was discouraged by not getting the job.
excited about
The researcher was excited about going to North Africa.
famous for
That actor is famous for being extremely weird.
fond of
She is fond of having picnics.
frightened of
She is frightened of being alone at night.
guilty of
The banker was guilty of stealing money.
happy about
He was happy about winning the lottery.
interested in
She is interested in becoming a doctor.
involved in
He was involved in making the movie.
known for
She was known for causing problems.
opposed to
They are opposed to building a new road in the park.
proud of
He was proud of having completed the marathon.
remembered for
She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.
responsible for
He is responsible for causing the damage.
scared of
Siham is scared of being alone at night.
terrified of
The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark.
tired from
She is tired from working all day.
tired of
Maryam is tired of making dinner every night.
worried about
The hikers were worried about not having enough water.
The following is ONLY A SAMPLE LIST of the most commonly used adjective + preposition combinations that can be followed by gerunds.
accustomed to
He is accustomed to having black coffee for breakfast.
addicted to
She is addicted to watching TV.
afraid of
She is afraid of speaking in public.
anxious about
Nora is anxious about making the presentation.
bored of
I am bored of doing the same old job.
capable of
He is capable of winning a gold medal.
committed to
She is committed to improving her English.
concerned about
Nawal was concerned about being late.
content with
Talal is content with winning second place.
dedicated to
The organization is dedicated to ending poverty.
devoted to
The money will be devoted to protecting the environment.
disappointed with
Farah was disappointed with coming in third place.
discouraged by
He was discouraged by not getting the job.
excited about
The researcher was excited about going to North Africa.
famous for
That actor is famous for being extremely weird.
fond of
She is fond of having picnics.
frightened of
She is frightened of being alone at night.
guilty of
The banker was guilty of stealing money.
happy about
He was happy about winning the lottery.
interested in
She is interested in becoming a doctor.
involved in
He was involved in making the movie.
known for
She was known for causing problems.
opposed to
They are opposed to building a new road in the park.
proud of
He was proud of having completed the marathon.
remembered for
She is remembered for protecting mountain gorillas.
responsible for
He is responsible for causing the damage.
scared of
Siham is scared of being alone at night.
terrified of
The surfer is terrified of being attacked by a shark.
tired from
She is tired from working all day.
tired of
Maryam is tired of making dinner every night.
worried about
The hikers were worried about not having enough water.
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
agree
Tom agreed to help me.
appear
His health appeared to be better.
arrange
Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
ask
She asked to leave.
begin
He began to talk.
can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand
Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.
care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose
I chose to help.
claim
She claimed to be a princess.
continue
She continued to talk.
decide
We decided to go to Hawaii.
demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
deserve
He deserves to go to jail.
dread
I dread to think what might happen.
expect
They expect to arrive early.
fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to)
Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate
He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope
I hope to begin college this year.
intend
We intend to visit you next spring.
learn
I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.
like
Samantha likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.
manage
He managed to open the door without the key.
need
I need to study.
neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer
Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan
We plan to go to Europe this summer.
prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare
They prepared to take the test.
pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.
promise
She promised to stop smoking.
propose
Drew proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem
Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
start
Marge started to talk really fast.
swear
She swore to tell the truth.
tend
He tends to be a little shy.
threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.
agree
Tom agreed to help me.
appear
His health appeared to be better.
arrange
Naomi arranged to stay with her cousin in Miami.
ask
She asked to leave.
begin
He began to talk.
can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand
Nancy can't stand to work the late shift.
care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose
I chose to help.
claim
She claimed to be a princess.
continue
She continued to talk.
decide
We decided to go to Hawaii.
demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Harris.
deserve
He deserves to go to jail.
dread
I dread to think what might happen.
expect
They expect to arrive early.
fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to)
Debbie gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate
He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope
I hope to begin college this year.
intend
We intend to visit you next spring.
learn
I learned to speak Japanese when I was a kid.
like
Samantha likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.
manage
He managed to open the door without the key.
need
I need to study.
neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer
Frank offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan
We plan to go to Europe this summer.
prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare
They prepared to take the test.
pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.
promise
She promised to stop smoking.
propose
Drew proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem
Nancy seemed to be disappointed.
start
Marge started to talk really fast.
swear
She swore to tell the truth.
tend
He tends to be a little shy.
threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
Verbs Followed by Infinitives
agree
Talal agreed to help me.
appear
His health appeared to be better.
arrange
Nawal arranged to stay with her cousin in Midelt.
ask
She asked to leave.
begin
He began to talk.
can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand
Narjiss can't stand to work the late shift.
care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose
I chose to help.
claim
She claimed to be a princess.
continue
She continued to talk.
decide
We decided to go to Sidi Harazem.
demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Hilali.
deserve
He deserves to go to jail.
dread
I dread to think what might happen.
expect
They expect to arrive early.
fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to)
Anissa gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate
He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope
I hope to begin college this year.
intend
We intend to visit you next spring.
learn
I learned to speak French when I was a kid.
like
Samira likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.
manage
He managed to open the door without the key.
need
I need to study.
neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer
Fawzi offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan
We plan to go to Essaouira this summer.
prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare
They prepared to take the test.
pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.
promise
She promised to stop smoking.
propose
Idriss proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem
Nadir seemed to be disappointed.
start
Maryam started to talk really fast.
swear
She swore to tell the truth.
tend
He tends to be a little shy.
threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.
agree
Talal agreed to help me.
appear
His health appeared to be better.
arrange
Nawal arranged to stay with her cousin in Midelt.
ask
She asked to leave.
begin
He began to talk.
can't bear
He can't bear to be alone.
can't stand
Narjiss can't stand to work the late shift.
care
He doesn't care to participate in the activity.
cease
The government ceased to provide free healthcare.
choose
I chose to help.
claim
She claimed to be a princess.
continue
She continued to talk.
decide
We decided to go to Sidi Harazem.
demand
He demanded to speak to Mr. Hilali.
deserve
He deserves to go to jail.
dread
I dread to think what might happen.
expect
They expect to arrive early.
fail
He failed to get enough money to pay for the new project.
forget
I forgot to lock the door when I left.
get (be allowed to)
Anissa gets to go to the concert next week! Why can't I?
happen
She happened to be at the bank when it was robbed.
hate
He hates to clean dishes.
hesitate
She hesitated to tell me the problem.
hope
I hope to begin college this year.
intend
We intend to visit you next spring.
learn
I learned to speak French when I was a kid.
like
Samira likes to read.
love
We love to scuba dive.
manage
He managed to open the door without the key.
need
I need to study.
neglect
She neglected to tell me the date of the meeting.
offer
Fawzi offered to drive us to the supermarket.
plan
We plan to go to Essaouira this summer.
prefer
He prefers to eat at 7 PM.
prepare
They prepared to take the test.
pretend
The child pretended to be a monster.
promise
She promised to stop smoking.
propose
Idriss proposed to pay for the trip.
refuse
The guard refused to let them enter the building.
regret
I regret to inform you that your application was rejected.
remember
Did you remember to lock the door when you left?
seem
Nadir seemed to be disappointed.
start
Maryam started to talk really fast.
swear
She swore to tell the truth.
tend
He tends to be a little shy.
threaten
He threatened to leave forever.
try
Mary tried to lift the table, but it was too heavy.
vow
He vowed to get revenge.
wait
She waited to buy a movie ticket.
want
I want to study Spanish.
wish
I wish to stay.
would like [(meaning "wish" or "want")
We would like to start now.
yearn
Melanie yearns to travel somewhere exotic.
Thursday, 19 February 2009
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
Verbs Followed by Gerunds
admit
He admitted cheating on the test.
advise
The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow
France doesn't allow smoking in cafés.
anticipate
I anticipated arriving late.
appreciate
I appreciated her helping me.
avoid
He avoided talking to her.
begin
I began learning Spanish.
can't bear
He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help
He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see
I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand
He can't stand her smoking in the office.
cease
The government ceased providing free healthcare.
complete
He completed renovating the house.
consider
She considered moving to Casablanca.
continue
He continued talking.
defend
The lawyer defended her making such statements.
delay
He delayed paying his taxes .
deny
He denied committing the crime.
despise
She despises waking up early.
discuss
We discussed working at the company.
dislike
She dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mind
I don't mind helping you.
dread
She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage
He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoy
We enjoy watching the sunset.
finish
He finished doing his homework.
forget
I forgot giving you my phone number.
hate
I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagine
He imagines working there one day.
involve
The job involves travelling to Japan once a month.
keep
She kept interrupting me.
like
She likes listening to music.
love
I love swimming.
mention
He mentioned going to that college.
mind
Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
miss
She misses living near the beach.
need
The house needs cleaning.
neglect
Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit
Singapore does not permit smoking in restaurants.
postpone
He postponed returning to Paris.
practice
She practiced singing the song.
prefer
He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose
I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit
She quit worrying about the problem.
recall
Tawfiq recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollect
She recollected living in Kenya.
recommend
Badr recommended taking the train.
regret
She regretted saying that.
remember
I remember telling her the address yesterday.
report
He reported her stealing the money.
require
The certificate requires completing two courses.
resent
Nawal resented Sara's being there.
resist
He resisted asking for help.
risk
He risked being caught.
start
He started studying harder.
stop
She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggest
They suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerate
I tolerated her talking.
try
Salma tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understand
I understand his quitting.
urge
They urge recycling bottles and paper.
admit
He admitted cheating on the test.
advise
The doctor generally advised drinking low-fat milk.
allow
France doesn't allow smoking in cafés.
anticipate
I anticipated arriving late.
appreciate
I appreciated her helping me.
avoid
He avoided talking to her.
begin
I began learning Spanish.
can't bear
He can't bear having so much responsibility.
can't help
He can't help talking so loudly.
can't see
I can't see paying so much money for a car.
can't stand
He can't stand her smoking in the office.
cease
The government ceased providing free healthcare.
complete
He completed renovating the house.
consider
She considered moving to Casablanca.
continue
He continued talking.
defend
The lawyer defended her making such statements.
delay
He delayed paying his taxes .
deny
He denied committing the crime.
despise
She despises waking up early.
discuss
We discussed working at the company.
dislike
She dislikes working after 5 PM.
don't mind
I don't mind helping you.
dread
She dreads getting up at 5 AM.
encourage
He encourages eating healthy foods.
enjoy
We enjoy watching the sunset.
finish
He finished doing his homework.
forget
I forgot giving you my phone number.
hate
I hate cleaning the bathroom.
imagine
He imagines working there one day.
involve
The job involves travelling to Japan once a month.
keep
She kept interrupting me.
like
She likes listening to music.
love
I love swimming.
mention
He mentioned going to that college.
mind
Do you mind waiting here for a few minutes.
miss
She misses living near the beach.
need
The house needs cleaning.
neglect
Sometimes she neglects doing her homework.
permit
Singapore does not permit smoking in restaurants.
postpone
He postponed returning to Paris.
practice
She practiced singing the song.
prefer
He prefers sitting at the back of the movie theater.
propose
I proposed having lunch at the beach.
quit
She quit worrying about the problem.
recall
Tawfiq recalled using his credit card at the store.
recollect
She recollected living in Kenya.
recommend
Badr recommended taking the train.
regret
She regretted saying that.
remember
I remember telling her the address yesterday.
report
He reported her stealing the money.
require
The certificate requires completing two courses.
resent
Nawal resented Sara's being there.
resist
He resisted asking for help.
risk
He risked being caught.
start
He started studying harder.
stop
She stopped working at 5 o'clock.
suggest
They suggested staying at the hotel.
tolerate
I tolerated her talking.
try
Salma tried opening the lock with a paperclip.
understand
I understand his quitting.
urge
They urge recycling bottles and paper.
THE ROLE OF WOMEN
THE ROLE OF WOMEN
Over centuries, women were treated as subordinates and permanent minors under the authority and control of men. Men often tried to justify this by saying that women are inferior to men biologically and intellectually.
Women were long considered naturally weaker than men and unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most pre-industrial societies, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving labour such as hunting and farming to men. This ignored the feet that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required considerable effort. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that they live longer and are more resistant to many diseases.
Maternity, the natural biological role of women, has traditionally been regarded as their major social role as well. Yet, attitudes are nowadays changing. The resulting stereotype that a woman's place is in the home has largely determined the ways in which women have expressed themselves. Today, contraceptives have given women greater control over the number of children they will bear. Although these have freed women for roles other than motherhood, the cultural pressure for females to become wives and mothers still prevents many talented women from finishing college or pursuing careers.
Traditionally, a middle-class girl in Western culture tended to learn from her mother's example that cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behaviour expected of her when she grew up. Tests conducted in the 1960s indicated that the scholastic achievement of girls was high in the early grades, but when they joined high school, their efforts and scores went down. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood. Fortunately, this trend has been changing in all the comers of the world during recent decades.
Over centuries, women were treated as subordinates and permanent minors under the authority and control of men. Men often tried to justify this by saying that women are inferior to men biologically and intellectually.
Women were long considered naturally weaker than men and unable to perform work requiring muscular or intellectual development. In most pre-industrial societies, domestic chores were relegated to women, leaving labour such as hunting and farming to men. This ignored the feet that caring for children and doing such tasks as milking cows and washing clothes also required considerable effort. But physiological tests now suggest that women have a greater tolerance for pain, and statistics reveal that they live longer and are more resistant to many diseases.
Maternity, the natural biological role of women, has traditionally been regarded as their major social role as well. Yet, attitudes are nowadays changing. The resulting stereotype that a woman's place is in the home has largely determined the ways in which women have expressed themselves. Today, contraceptives have given women greater control over the number of children they will bear. Although these have freed women for roles other than motherhood, the cultural pressure for females to become wives and mothers still prevents many talented women from finishing college or pursuing careers.
Traditionally, a middle-class girl in Western culture tended to learn from her mother's example that cooking, cleaning, and caring for children was the behaviour expected of her when she grew up. Tests conducted in the 1960s indicated that the scholastic achievement of girls was high in the early grades, but when they joined high school, their efforts and scores went down. The major reason given was that the girls' own expectations declined because neither their families nor their teachers expected them to prepare for a future other than that of marriage and motherhood. Fortunately, this trend has been changing in all the comers of the world during recent decades.
MOROCCAN WEDDING
MOROCCAN WEDDING
Morocco is the country with very rich and lively traditions, one of the charms of
North Africa. The Moroccan wedding is a great event like other cultures all over the world and is celebrated with great fun and festivity. In Morocco the traditional wedding is quite meaningful and an elaborate process. As a rule the wedding process lasts from 3 to 7 days and there are many pre-wedding ceremonies that take place before the actual wedding.
According to Moroccan traditions parents choose groom or bridegroom for their children. Before the wedding everybody sends presents and gifts to the bride. If the parents, guests and relatives can afford, they send golden jewelry, clothing, and perfumes for the bride.
Traditionally on the wedding day in Morocco the bride bathes in milk and then her hands and feet are painted with henna. Such purification process has history of more than 1200 years. But modern tradition for brides in Morocco is to apply henna to the wedding guest palms. In the night before marriage the "henna party" takes place and the older, married women share the secrets of marriage with the bride. A woman called “ neggafa “ applies all putting make up and jewelry on the bride who then can put on her wedding dress. Moroccan brides always wear elaborate traditional headpieces and veils for the wedding.
On the day of wedding plenty of food is prepared for all the guests expected and even unexpected. Traditionally the groom together with his family members, friends and relatives move towards the bridal party while singing, beating drums, and dancing. Then they all lead the groom and the bride to the bridal chamber. Sometimes the Moroccan bride circles her marriage home three times before the wedding ceremony.
Nowadays modern Moroccan weddings usually take place at big villas at night or other fascinating property that are solely rented out for weddings. The bride changes dresses and matching jewelry several times during her wedding celebration. Very often during the reception, the groom makes his way in a noisy procession accompanied by “ dqayqiyya and neggafat “ to collect his bride. When he enters the house, he is hoisted onto the shoulders of his friends or onto a horse and his bride is carried on a table “ lmida or tayfour “ This procession usually continues until the couple reaches the nuptial chamber.
During the week after wedding, the newly weds visit their relatives and friends who they invite to their new home. The festivities continue for a week or more where relatives, friends and neighbours meet to sing, dance and wish all the best to the newly married couple.
Morocco is the country with very rich and lively traditions, one of the charms of
North Africa. The Moroccan wedding is a great event like other cultures all over the world and is celebrated with great fun and festivity. In Morocco the traditional wedding is quite meaningful and an elaborate process. As a rule the wedding process lasts from 3 to 7 days and there are many pre-wedding ceremonies that take place before the actual wedding.
According to Moroccan traditions parents choose groom or bridegroom for their children. Before the wedding everybody sends presents and gifts to the bride. If the parents, guests and relatives can afford, they send golden jewelry, clothing, and perfumes for the bride.
Traditionally on the wedding day in Morocco the bride bathes in milk and then her hands and feet are painted with henna. Such purification process has history of more than 1200 years. But modern tradition for brides in Morocco is to apply henna to the wedding guest palms. In the night before marriage the "henna party" takes place and the older, married women share the secrets of marriage with the bride. A woman called “ neggafa “ applies all putting make up and jewelry on the bride who then can put on her wedding dress. Moroccan brides always wear elaborate traditional headpieces and veils for the wedding.
On the day of wedding plenty of food is prepared for all the guests expected and even unexpected. Traditionally the groom together with his family members, friends and relatives move towards the bridal party while singing, beating drums, and dancing. Then they all lead the groom and the bride to the bridal chamber. Sometimes the Moroccan bride circles her marriage home three times before the wedding ceremony.
Nowadays modern Moroccan weddings usually take place at big villas at night or other fascinating property that are solely rented out for weddings. The bride changes dresses and matching jewelry several times during her wedding celebration. Very often during the reception, the groom makes his way in a noisy procession accompanied by “ dqayqiyya and neggafat “ to collect his bride. When he enters the house, he is hoisted onto the shoulders of his friends or onto a horse and his bride is carried on a table “ lmida or tayfour “ This procession usually continues until the couple reaches the nuptial chamber.
During the week after wedding, the newly weds visit their relatives and friends who they invite to their new home. The festivities continue for a week or more where relatives, friends and neighbours meet to sing, dance and wish all the best to the newly married couple.
MOROCCO: CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
MOROCCO: CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
Morocco is a supreme marvel of ancient customs and traditions. It is a land full of contrasts, colour and mystery from harsh mountains and barren deserts to magnificent beaches and modern cities. Its Mediterranean climate - hot summers and mild winters lend itself to many activities including Golf, Tennis, Riding Clubs, Water-skiing, Sailing, Scuba diving, Hunting, Hiking and Camel treks.
In Morocco, Moorish, Arab, Berber customs and traditions merge together with Islamic culture to yield a unique Moroccan mix. Whether swimming along the Mediterranean coast, touring ancient Roman and Arabic monuments, or trekking on a desert safari, Morocco offers you a unique glimpse into a timeless culture. French, Spanish English are widely spoken as well as traditional Arabic.
Morocco boasts a fantastic variation in terrain and vegetation with fertile plains near its Atlantic coast, many dramatic mountains and The Sahara Desert. Winters are mild and the summers are hot and dry.
The Moroccan food is delicious and nutritious; the most famous dish is couscous, semolina served with different vegetables and lamb. Green tea with mint is the first preferred drink of all Moroccans. From the small local snacks in the fishermen villages to the chic restaurants of the marinas, you'll be able to enjoy a large variety of seafood. There are also numerous seasonal restaurants in the region serving Moroccan and international cuisines.
The Moroccan Mediterranean experience is unique, in front of a blue-crystal Mediterranean sea and at less than 15 minutes from Europe. The capital of the Moroccan Mediterranean, Tangier, is the closest African city to Europe. Tangier unites the interests of a traditional city with its medina and souks with the ability to enjoy Magnificent sandy beaches both on the Atlantic and Mediterranean side.
Most traditional Moroccan medinas offer a good variety of craft and typical Moroccan shopping. You will like here picturesque views on the medinas, the delightful coolness of the narrow little tree-lined streets to be explored for shopping.
Morocco is really an absolute splendor where everybody is welcome to witness the hospitality of its people and their unparalleled friendliness.
Morocco is a supreme marvel of ancient customs and traditions. It is a land full of contrasts, colour and mystery from harsh mountains and barren deserts to magnificent beaches and modern cities. Its Mediterranean climate - hot summers and mild winters lend itself to many activities including Golf, Tennis, Riding Clubs, Water-skiing, Sailing, Scuba diving, Hunting, Hiking and Camel treks.
In Morocco, Moorish, Arab, Berber customs and traditions merge together with Islamic culture to yield a unique Moroccan mix. Whether swimming along the Mediterranean coast, touring ancient Roman and Arabic monuments, or trekking on a desert safari, Morocco offers you a unique glimpse into a timeless culture. French, Spanish English are widely spoken as well as traditional Arabic.
Morocco boasts a fantastic variation in terrain and vegetation with fertile plains near its Atlantic coast, many dramatic mountains and The Sahara Desert. Winters are mild and the summers are hot and dry.
The Moroccan food is delicious and nutritious; the most famous dish is couscous, semolina served with different vegetables and lamb. Green tea with mint is the first preferred drink of all Moroccans. From the small local snacks in the fishermen villages to the chic restaurants of the marinas, you'll be able to enjoy a large variety of seafood. There are also numerous seasonal restaurants in the region serving Moroccan and international cuisines.
The Moroccan Mediterranean experience is unique, in front of a blue-crystal Mediterranean sea and at less than 15 minutes from Europe. The capital of the Moroccan Mediterranean, Tangier, is the closest African city to Europe. Tangier unites the interests of a traditional city with its medina and souks with the ability to enjoy Magnificent sandy beaches both on the Atlantic and Mediterranean side.
Most traditional Moroccan medinas offer a good variety of craft and typical Moroccan shopping. You will like here picturesque views on the medinas, the delightful coolness of the narrow little tree-lined streets to be explored for shopping.
Morocco is really an absolute splendor where everybody is welcome to witness the hospitality of its people and their unparalleled friendliness.
Tuesday, 17 February 2009
MUST / HAVE TO / NEED : OBLIGATION
MUST/HAVE TO/NEED
OBLIGATION
FUTURE OBLIGATION
MUST
WILL HAVE TO
FUTURE LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
NEED NOT
WON'T HAVE TO
WON'T NEED TO
FUTURE NEGATIVE OBLIGATION/ PROHIBITION
MUST NOT
PRESENT OBLIGATION
MUST
HAVE TO
PRESENT LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
NEED NOT
DON'T HAVE TO
DON'T NEED TO
PRESENT NEGATIVE OBLIGATION/ PROHIBITION
MUST NOT
PAST OBLIGATION
HAD TO
PAST LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
DIDN'T HAVE TO
DIDN'T NEED TO
HADN'T (GOT) TO
1. Must, must not and need not compared to the other forms.
a. Must, must not and need not express the speaker's authority:
You must do your homework before you watch TV.
You must not turn the TV till you have done your homework.
You needn't do your homework tonight. You can leave it till tomorrow.
b. The other forms have to/will have to/had to and won't/don't/didn't need to express external obligation:
KAMAL'S SISTER: KAMAL is starting work next week. He'll have to get up early. He'll hate that.
Sometimes MUST and NEED NOT can be used for external obligation also. NEED NOT is quite often used in this way, especially in the first person.
2. Must not and need not compared.
a. MUST NOT expresses negative obligation or the speaker's emphatic advice ( prohibition ):
You must not tell anyone.
ZOO NOTICE: Visitors mustn't feed the giraffes.
RAILWAY NOTICE: Passengers must not walk on the railway line.
a. Obligation.
AFFIRMATIVE
Must can be used to give strong advice or orders to oneself or other people.
I really must stop smoking.
You must be here by eight o'clock at the latest.
When must is used the obligation comes from the speaker. If the obligation comes from
outside must is possible but HAVE TO is more common.
I have to work from 9.00 a.m. till 5.00 p.m.
INTERROGATIVE
In questions, must is used to ask about the wishes or intentions of the person one is speaking to.
Must I clean all the rooms?
Why must you always leave your dirty clothes in the bathroom?
NEGATIVE
In negative sentences, DON'T NEED TO, NEEDN'T or DON'T HAVE TO, is used to say
that there is no obligation; MUSTN'T is used to tell people no to do things:
You needn't work tomorrow if you don't want to.
You mustn't move any of the papers on my desk.
Must can only be used to refer to present and future obligation. To talk about the past, had to is used.
I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.
b. Deduction.
Must can be used to say that we are sure about something (because it is logically necessary)
Maryam must have some problem: she keeps crying.
I'm in love. That must be nice.
That's the doorbell. It must be Rachid.
Must is only used in this way in affirmative sentences. In questions and negatives we use can or can't instead.
That can't be the postman. It's only seven o'clock.
What do you think this letter can mean?
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past. (can and can't for questions and negatives)
We went to Zagora. That must have been nice.
The lights have gone out. A fuse must have blown.
I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can Jalal have put the matches?
He can't have thrown them away.
In reported speech, must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.
(Only in that case, must refers to the past).
I decided that I must stop smoking.
I felt there must be something wrong.
HAVE TO
Have to is used, with a following infinitive, to express the idea of obligation.
How often do you have to travel on business?
Sorry I have to go now.
We make a distinction between habitual or repeated obligation, and non-habitual obligation. When there is the idea of repetition we use ordinary verb-forms, with do in questions and negatives.
I don't usually have to work on Sundays.
Do you often have to speak French in your job?
When we are talking about one thing that we are obliged to do, it is more usual to use got-forms.
I haven't got to work tomorrow.
Have you got to do any interpreting this week?
Got-forms are unusual in the past, and are replaced by ordinary verb-forms of infinitive and participles.
Did you have to go to the kindergarten when you were a child?
To talk about the future, both have to and will have to are common.
I've got to get up early tomorrow. We're going to Fes.
HAVE TO AND MUST
1. Both of these verbs are used to talk about obligation.
Must is most often used to talk about an obligation that depends on the person speaking or listening: if I say that you or I must do something, I probably mean that I feel it is necessary.
Have to is generally used to talk about obligations that come from "outside".
I must stop smoking (I want to).
You must try to get to work on time (I want you to)
I must make an appointment with the dentist (I've got toothache)
This is an awful party, we really must go (I want us to go).
You've got to go and see the boss (he wants you to).
Muslims have to go to the Mosque on Fridays (our religion tells so)
I've got to see the dentist tomorrow (I have an appointment).
This is a lovely party, but we've got to go because of the baby-sitter.
2. Must, in questions, asks about the wishes of the person one is speaking to.
Do your homework. Oh, must I?
3. Must has no past form; past obligation is usually expressed by using had to (except in
reported speech)
When I was your age I had to get at 5 every morning.
I told him he mustn't make a decision.
4. The negative forms mustn't and don't have to have quite different meanings. Compare:
You mustn't tell Badr. (Don't tell him)
You don't have to tell Badr. (You can if you want but it isn't necessary)
5. Instead of don't have to and haven't got to, needn't is often used in British English.
You needn't tell Badr.
NEED.
a. The ordinary forms of need are much more common than the modal auxiliary forms. The only modal form which is often used is needn't.
You needn't try to explain.
Do you need to stay this evening?
When the modal forms are used, they usually refer to immediate necessity; they are often used to ask for or give permission -usually permission not to do something. Ordinary verb forms are more common when we talk about habitual, "general" necessity. Compare:
(1) We needn't book a table. The restaurant won't be full.
Need I do the washing up? I'm in a hurry.
(2) Do you need to get a visa if you go to Algeria?
b. Present tense forms of need can be used to talk about the future, but will need to is often used to give advice. Compare:
(1) Need I come in early tomorrow? (Or, Do I need to come in...)
I need to get the car service soon.
(2) You'll need to start work soon if you want to pass your exams.
c. Affirmative modal forms are possible after negative verbs, and in sentences which express doubt or negative ideas.
I wonder if we need take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he need go just yet.
The only thing you need do is fill in this form.
(You don't need to do anything else)
Note that these affirmative modal forms are mainly used in a formal style. In informal usage we would probably use the ordinary forms.
I wonder if we need to take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he needs to go just yet.
The only thing you need to do is fill in this form.
d. Note the difference between needn't and mustn't. Needn't is used to say that there is no obligation; mustn't expresses an obligation not to do something because it is forbidden. Compare:
You needn't tell Salma. She already knows.
You mustn't tell Salma. I don't want her to know.
NEEDN'T + perfect infinitive.
If you say that somebody needn't have done something, it means that he did, but that it was unnecessary:
You needn't have woken me up: I don't have to go to work today.
I needn't have bought all that coke. Only three people came to the party.
The ordinary past (didn't need to) is not quite the same. Compare:
She needn't have hurried (It wasn't necessary but she did)
She didn't need to hurry (It wasn't necessary. We don't know if she did).
OBLIGATION
FUTURE OBLIGATION
MUST
WILL HAVE TO
FUTURE LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
NEED NOT
WON'T HAVE TO
WON'T NEED TO
FUTURE NEGATIVE OBLIGATION/ PROHIBITION
MUST NOT
PRESENT OBLIGATION
MUST
HAVE TO
PRESENT LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
NEED NOT
DON'T HAVE TO
DON'T NEED TO
PRESENT NEGATIVE OBLIGATION/ PROHIBITION
MUST NOT
PAST OBLIGATION
HAD TO
PAST LACK/ ABSENCE OF OBLIGATION
DIDN'T HAVE TO
DIDN'T NEED TO
HADN'T (GOT) TO
1. Must, must not and need not compared to the other forms.
a. Must, must not and need not express the speaker's authority:
You must do your homework before you watch TV.
You must not turn the TV till you have done your homework.
You needn't do your homework tonight. You can leave it till tomorrow.
b. The other forms have to/will have to/had to and won't/don't/didn't need to express external obligation:
KAMAL'S SISTER: KAMAL is starting work next week. He'll have to get up early. He'll hate that.
Sometimes MUST and NEED NOT can be used for external obligation also. NEED NOT is quite often used in this way, especially in the first person.
2. Must not and need not compared.
a. MUST NOT expresses negative obligation or the speaker's emphatic advice ( prohibition ):
You must not tell anyone.
ZOO NOTICE: Visitors mustn't feed the giraffes.
RAILWAY NOTICE: Passengers must not walk on the railway line.
a. Obligation.
AFFIRMATIVE
Must can be used to give strong advice or orders to oneself or other people.
I really must stop smoking.
You must be here by eight o'clock at the latest.
When must is used the obligation comes from the speaker. If the obligation comes from
outside must is possible but HAVE TO is more common.
I have to work from 9.00 a.m. till 5.00 p.m.
INTERROGATIVE
In questions, must is used to ask about the wishes or intentions of the person one is speaking to.
Must I clean all the rooms?
Why must you always leave your dirty clothes in the bathroom?
NEGATIVE
In negative sentences, DON'T NEED TO, NEEDN'T or DON'T HAVE TO, is used to say
that there is no obligation; MUSTN'T is used to tell people no to do things:
You needn't work tomorrow if you don't want to.
You mustn't move any of the papers on my desk.
Must can only be used to refer to present and future obligation. To talk about the past, had to is used.
I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.
b. Deduction.
Must can be used to say that we are sure about something (because it is logically necessary)
Maryam must have some problem: she keeps crying.
I'm in love. That must be nice.
That's the doorbell. It must be Rachid.
Must is only used in this way in affirmative sentences. In questions and negatives we use can or can't instead.
That can't be the postman. It's only seven o'clock.
What do you think this letter can mean?
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past. (can and can't for questions and negatives)
We went to Zagora. That must have been nice.
The lights have gone out. A fuse must have blown.
I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can Jalal have put the matches?
He can't have thrown them away.
In reported speech, must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.
(Only in that case, must refers to the past).
I decided that I must stop smoking.
I felt there must be something wrong.
HAVE TO
Have to is used, with a following infinitive, to express the idea of obligation.
How often do you have to travel on business?
Sorry I have to go now.
We make a distinction between habitual or repeated obligation, and non-habitual obligation. When there is the idea of repetition we use ordinary verb-forms, with do in questions and negatives.
I don't usually have to work on Sundays.
Do you often have to speak French in your job?
When we are talking about one thing that we are obliged to do, it is more usual to use got-forms.
I haven't got to work tomorrow.
Have you got to do any interpreting this week?
Got-forms are unusual in the past, and are replaced by ordinary verb-forms of infinitive and participles.
Did you have to go to the kindergarten when you were a child?
To talk about the future, both have to and will have to are common.
I've got to get up early tomorrow. We're going to Fes.
HAVE TO AND MUST
1. Both of these verbs are used to talk about obligation.
Must is most often used to talk about an obligation that depends on the person speaking or listening: if I say that you or I must do something, I probably mean that I feel it is necessary.
Have to is generally used to talk about obligations that come from "outside".
I must stop smoking (I want to).
You must try to get to work on time (I want you to)
I must make an appointment with the dentist (I've got toothache)
This is an awful party, we really must go (I want us to go).
You've got to go and see the boss (he wants you to).
Muslims have to go to the Mosque on Fridays (our religion tells so)
I've got to see the dentist tomorrow (I have an appointment).
This is a lovely party, but we've got to go because of the baby-sitter.
2. Must, in questions, asks about the wishes of the person one is speaking to.
Do your homework. Oh, must I?
3. Must has no past form; past obligation is usually expressed by using had to (except in
reported speech)
When I was your age I had to get at 5 every morning.
I told him he mustn't make a decision.
4. The negative forms mustn't and don't have to have quite different meanings. Compare:
You mustn't tell Badr. (Don't tell him)
You don't have to tell Badr. (You can if you want but it isn't necessary)
5. Instead of don't have to and haven't got to, needn't is often used in British English.
You needn't tell Badr.
NEED.
a. The ordinary forms of need are much more common than the modal auxiliary forms. The only modal form which is often used is needn't.
You needn't try to explain.
Do you need to stay this evening?
When the modal forms are used, they usually refer to immediate necessity; they are often used to ask for or give permission -usually permission not to do something. Ordinary verb forms are more common when we talk about habitual, "general" necessity. Compare:
(1) We needn't book a table. The restaurant won't be full.
Need I do the washing up? I'm in a hurry.
(2) Do you need to get a visa if you go to Algeria?
b. Present tense forms of need can be used to talk about the future, but will need to is often used to give advice. Compare:
(1) Need I come in early tomorrow? (Or, Do I need to come in...)
I need to get the car service soon.
(2) You'll need to start work soon if you want to pass your exams.
c. Affirmative modal forms are possible after negative verbs, and in sentences which express doubt or negative ideas.
I wonder if we need take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he need go just yet.
The only thing you need do is fill in this form.
(You don't need to do anything else)
Note that these affirmative modal forms are mainly used in a formal style. In informal usage we would probably use the ordinary forms.
I wonder if we need to take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he needs to go just yet.
The only thing you need to do is fill in this form.
d. Note the difference between needn't and mustn't. Needn't is used to say that there is no obligation; mustn't expresses an obligation not to do something because it is forbidden. Compare:
You needn't tell Salma. She already knows.
You mustn't tell Salma. I don't want her to know.
NEEDN'T + perfect infinitive.
If you say that somebody needn't have done something, it means that he did, but that it was unnecessary:
You needn't have woken me up: I don't have to go to work today.
I needn't have bought all that coke. Only three people came to the party.
The ordinary past (didn't need to) is not quite the same. Compare:
She needn't have hurried (It wasn't necessary but she did)
She didn't need to hurry (It wasn't necessary. We don't know if she did).
MUST/HAVE TO/NEED : OBLIGATION
MUST/HAVE TO/NEED
OBLIGATION
1. Must, must not and need not compared to the other forms.
a. Must, must not and need not express the speaker's authority:
You must do your homework before you watch TV.
You must not turn the TV till you have done your homework.
You needn't do your homework tonight. You can leave it till tomorrow.
b. The other forms have to/will have to/had to and won't/don't/didn't need to express external obligation:
KAMAL'S SISTER: KAMAL is starting work next week. He'll have to get up early. He'll hate that.
Sometimes MUST and NEED NOT can be used for external obligation also. NEED NOT is quite often used in this way, especially in the first person.
2. Must not and need not compared.
a. MUST NOT expresses negative obligation or the speaker's emphatic advice ( prohibition ):
You must not tell anyone.
ZOO NOTICE: Visitors mustn't feed the giraffes.
RAILWAY NOTICE: Passengers must not walk on the railway line.
a. Obligation.
AFFIRMATIVE
Must can be used to give strong advice or orders to oneself or other people.
I really must stop smoking.
You must be here by eight o'clock at the latest.
When must is used the obligation comes from the speaker. If the obligation comes from
outside must is possible but HAVE TO is more common.
I have to work from 9.00 a.m. till 5.00 p.m.
INTERROGATIVE
In questions, must is used to ask about the wishes or intentions of the person one is speaking to.
Must I clean all the rooms?
Why must you always leave your dirty clothes in the bathroom?
NEGATIVE
In negative sentences, DON'T NEED TO, NEEDN'T or DON'T HAVE TO, is used to say
that there is no obligation; MUSTN'T is used to tell people no to do things:
You needn't work tomorrow if you don't want to.
You mustn't move any of the papers on my desk.
Must can only be used to refer to present and future obligation. To talk about the past, had to is used.
I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.
b. Deduction.
Must can be used to say that we are sure about something (because it is logically necessary)
Maryam must have some problem: she keeps crying.
I'm in love. That must be nice.
That's the doorbell. It must be Rachid.
Must is only used in this way in affirmative sentences. In questions and negatives we use can or can't instead.
That can't be the postman. It's only seven o'clock.
What do you think this letter can mean?
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past. (can and can't for questions and negatives)
We went to Zagora. That must have been nice.
The lights have gone out. A fuse must have blown.
I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can Jalal have put the matches?
He can't have thrown them away.
In reported speech, must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.
(Only in that case, must refers to the past).
I decided that I must stop smoking.
I felt there must be something wrong.
HAVE TO
Have to is used, with a following infinitive, to express the idea of obligation.
How often do you have to travel on business?
Sorry I have to go now.
We make a distinction between habitual or repeated obligation, and non-habitual obligation. When there is the idea of repetition we use ordinary verb-forms, with do in questions and negatives.
I don't usually have to work on Sundays.
Do you often have to speak French in your job?
When we are talking about one thing that we are obliged to do, it is more usual to use got-forms.
I haven't got to work tomorrow.
Have you got to do any interpreting this week?
Got-forms are unusual in the past, and are replaced by ordinary verb-forms of infinitive and participles.
Did you have to go to the kindergarten when you were a child?
To talk about the future, both have to and will have to are common.
I've got to get up early tomorrow. We're going to Fes.
HAVE TO AND MUST
1. Both of these verbs are used to talk about obligation.
Must is most often used to talk about an obligation that depends on the person speaking or listening: if I say that you or I must do something, I probably mean that I feel it is necessary.
Have to is generally used to talk about obligations that come from "outside".
I must stop smoking (I want to).
You must try to get to work on time (I want you to)
I must make an appointment with the dentist (I've got toothache)
This is an awful party, we really must go (I want us to go).
You've got to go and see the boss (he wants you to).
Muslims have to go to the Mosque on Fridays (our religion tells so)
I've got to see the dentist tomorrow (I have an appointment).
This is a lovely party, but we've got to go because of the baby-sitter.
2. Must, in questions, asks about the wishes of the person one is speaking to.
Do your homework. Oh, must I?
3. Must has no past form; past obligation is usually expressed by using had to (except in
reported speech)
When I was your age I had to get at 5 every morning.
I told him he mustn't make a decision.
4. The negative forms mustn't and don't have to have quite different meanings. Compare:
You mustn't tell Badr. (Don't tell him)
You don't have to tell Badr. (You can if you want but it isn't necessary)
5. Instead of don't have to and haven't got to, needn't is often used in British English.
You needn't tell Badr.
NEED.
a. The ordinary forms of need are much more common than the modal auxiliary forms. The only modal form which is often used is needn't.
You needn't try to explain.
Do you need to stay this evening?
When the modal forms are used, they usually refer to immediate necessity; they are often used to ask for or give permission -usually permission not to do something. Ordinary verb forms are more common when we talk about habitual, "general" necessity. Compare:
(1) We needn't book a table. The restaurant won't be full.
Need I do the washing up? I'm in a hurry.
(2) Do you need to get a visa if you go to Algeria?
b. Present tense forms of need can be used to talk about the future, but will need to is often used to give advice. Compare:
(1) Need I come in early tomorrow? (Or, Do I need to come in...)
I need to get the car service soon.
(2) You'll need to start work soon if you want to pass your exams.
c. Affirmative modal forms are possible after negative verbs, and in sentences which express doubt or negative ideas.
I wonder if we need take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he need go just yet.
The only thing you need do is fill in this form.
(You don't need to do anything else)
Note that these affirmative modal forms are mainly used in a formal style. In informal usage we would probably use the ordinary forms.
I wonder if we need to take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he needs to go just yet.
The only thing you need to do is fill in this form.
d. Note the difference between needn't and mustn't. Needn't is used to say that there is no obligation; mustn't expresses an obligation not to do something because it is forbidden. Compare:
You needn't tell Salma. She already knows.
You mustn't tell Salma. I don't want her to know.
NEEDN'T + perfect infinitive.
If you say that somebody needn't have done something, it means that he did, but that it was unnecessary:
You needn't have woken me up: I don't have to go to work today.
I needn't have bought all that coke. Only three people came to the party.
The ordinary past (didn't need to) is not quite the same. Compare:
She needn't have hurried (It wasn't necessary but she did)
She didn't need to hurry (It wasn't necessary. We don't know if she did).
OBLIGATION
1. Must, must not and need not compared to the other forms.
a. Must, must not and need not express the speaker's authority:
You must do your homework before you watch TV.
You must not turn the TV till you have done your homework.
You needn't do your homework tonight. You can leave it till tomorrow.
b. The other forms have to/will have to/had to and won't/don't/didn't need to express external obligation:
KAMAL'S SISTER: KAMAL is starting work next week. He'll have to get up early. He'll hate that.
Sometimes MUST and NEED NOT can be used for external obligation also. NEED NOT is quite often used in this way, especially in the first person.
2. Must not and need not compared.
a. MUST NOT expresses negative obligation or the speaker's emphatic advice ( prohibition ):
You must not tell anyone.
ZOO NOTICE: Visitors mustn't feed the giraffes.
RAILWAY NOTICE: Passengers must not walk on the railway line.
a. Obligation.
AFFIRMATIVE
Must can be used to give strong advice or orders to oneself or other people.
I really must stop smoking.
You must be here by eight o'clock at the latest.
When must is used the obligation comes from the speaker. If the obligation comes from
outside must is possible but HAVE TO is more common.
I have to work from 9.00 a.m. till 5.00 p.m.
INTERROGATIVE
In questions, must is used to ask about the wishes or intentions of the person one is speaking to.
Must I clean all the rooms?
Why must you always leave your dirty clothes in the bathroom?
NEGATIVE
In negative sentences, DON'T NEED TO, NEEDN'T or DON'T HAVE TO, is used to say
that there is no obligation; MUSTN'T is used to tell people no to do things:
You needn't work tomorrow if you don't want to.
You mustn't move any of the papers on my desk.
Must can only be used to refer to present and future obligation. To talk about the past, had to is used.
I had to leave early because I wasn't feeling well.
b. Deduction.
Must can be used to say that we are sure about something (because it is logically necessary)
Maryam must have some problem: she keeps crying.
I'm in love. That must be nice.
That's the doorbell. It must be Rachid.
Must is only used in this way in affirmative sentences. In questions and negatives we use can or can't instead.
That can't be the postman. It's only seven o'clock.
What do you think this letter can mean?
Must is used with the perfect infinitive for deductions about the past. (can and can't for questions and negatives)
We went to Zagora. That must have been nice.
The lights have gone out. A fuse must have blown.
I don't think he can have heard you. Call again.
Where can Jalal have put the matches?
He can't have thrown them away.
In reported speech, must can be used after a past reporting verb as if it were a past tense.
(Only in that case, must refers to the past).
I decided that I must stop smoking.
I felt there must be something wrong.
HAVE TO
Have to is used, with a following infinitive, to express the idea of obligation.
How often do you have to travel on business?
Sorry I have to go now.
We make a distinction between habitual or repeated obligation, and non-habitual obligation. When there is the idea of repetition we use ordinary verb-forms, with do in questions and negatives.
I don't usually have to work on Sundays.
Do you often have to speak French in your job?
When we are talking about one thing that we are obliged to do, it is more usual to use got-forms.
I haven't got to work tomorrow.
Have you got to do any interpreting this week?
Got-forms are unusual in the past, and are replaced by ordinary verb-forms of infinitive and participles.
Did you have to go to the kindergarten when you were a child?
To talk about the future, both have to and will have to are common.
I've got to get up early tomorrow. We're going to Fes.
HAVE TO AND MUST
1. Both of these verbs are used to talk about obligation.
Must is most often used to talk about an obligation that depends on the person speaking or listening: if I say that you or I must do something, I probably mean that I feel it is necessary.
Have to is generally used to talk about obligations that come from "outside".
I must stop smoking (I want to).
You must try to get to work on time (I want you to)
I must make an appointment with the dentist (I've got toothache)
This is an awful party, we really must go (I want us to go).
You've got to go and see the boss (he wants you to).
Muslims have to go to the Mosque on Fridays (our religion tells so)
I've got to see the dentist tomorrow (I have an appointment).
This is a lovely party, but we've got to go because of the baby-sitter.
2. Must, in questions, asks about the wishes of the person one is speaking to.
Do your homework. Oh, must I?
3. Must has no past form; past obligation is usually expressed by using had to (except in
reported speech)
When I was your age I had to get at 5 every morning.
I told him he mustn't make a decision.
4. The negative forms mustn't and don't have to have quite different meanings. Compare:
You mustn't tell Badr. (Don't tell him)
You don't have to tell Badr. (You can if you want but it isn't necessary)
5. Instead of don't have to and haven't got to, needn't is often used in British English.
You needn't tell Badr.
NEED.
a. The ordinary forms of need are much more common than the modal auxiliary forms. The only modal form which is often used is needn't.
You needn't try to explain.
Do you need to stay this evening?
When the modal forms are used, they usually refer to immediate necessity; they are often used to ask for or give permission -usually permission not to do something. Ordinary verb forms are more common when we talk about habitual, "general" necessity. Compare:
(1) We needn't book a table. The restaurant won't be full.
Need I do the washing up? I'm in a hurry.
(2) Do you need to get a visa if you go to Algeria?
b. Present tense forms of need can be used to talk about the future, but will need to is often used to give advice. Compare:
(1) Need I come in early tomorrow? (Or, Do I need to come in...)
I need to get the car service soon.
(2) You'll need to start work soon if you want to pass your exams.
c. Affirmative modal forms are possible after negative verbs, and in sentences which express doubt or negative ideas.
I wonder if we need take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he need go just yet.
The only thing you need do is fill in this form.
(You don't need to do anything else)
Note that these affirmative modal forms are mainly used in a formal style. In informal usage we would probably use the ordinary forms.
I wonder if we need to take sleeping-bags.
I don't think he needs to go just yet.
The only thing you need to do is fill in this form.
d. Note the difference between needn't and mustn't. Needn't is used to say that there is no obligation; mustn't expresses an obligation not to do something because it is forbidden. Compare:
You needn't tell Salma. She already knows.
You mustn't tell Salma. I don't want her to know.
NEEDN'T + perfect infinitive.
If you say that somebody needn't have done something, it means that he did, but that it was unnecessary:
You needn't have woken me up: I don't have to go to work today.
I needn't have bought all that coke. Only three people came to the party.
The ordinary past (didn't need to) is not quite the same. Compare:
She needn't have hurried (It wasn't necessary but she did)
She didn't need to hurry (It wasn't necessary. We don't know if she did).
MAY/MIGHT
MAY/MIGHT
1. MEANINGS.
The commonest uses of MAY and MIGHT are to talk about possibility, and to ask for
(and give) permission.
We may be moving to Casablanca next year.
You know, I think it may rain.
May I have some more tea? Yes, of course, you may.
I wonder if I might ask you a favour.
2. PERMISSION.
a. MAY and MIGHT are both used to ask for permission. They are rather formal;
MIGHT carries the idea of being tentative or hesitant, and is not very common.
May I turn the television on?
I wonder if I might have a little more coffee.
MAY (not MIGHT) is also used to give permission; MAY NOT is used to refuse or forbid it.
Yes, of course you may.
Students may not stay out after midnight.
b. MAY and MIGHT can only normally be used to request, give and refuse permission. They are not usual when we talk about permission in other ways. Instead we use CAN and COULD.
These days, children can do what they like (not MAY).
When I was ten, I could watch more TV programmes if I asked my parents first (not MIGHT).
c. MIGHT does not normally have a past sense, only as the past tense of MAY in indirect
speech to report the giving of permission.
What are you doing here? The manager said I might look round.
3. POSSIBILITY.
a. MAY and MIGHT are often used to talk about the possibility that something will happen, or is happening. MIGHT is not the past of MAY; it suggests a smaller (present or future)
probability than MAY.
We may go climbing in the Atlas next summer.
I wonder where Aicha is. She may be with Nawal, I suppose.
Badr might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?
I might get a job soon.
MAY is not used interrogatively in questions about possibility:
Is it likely to rain?
Do you think she's with Nawal?
b. MIGHT can have a conditional use.
If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat.
c. Both MAY and MIGHT can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the possibility that past events happened.
Polly's very late. She may have missed her train.
What do you think that noise was? It might have been a cat.
MIGHT can also be used in this structure to say that a past event was possible, but didn't happen.
You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.
1. MEANINGS.
The commonest uses of MAY and MIGHT are to talk about possibility, and to ask for
(and give) permission.
We may be moving to Casablanca next year.
You know, I think it may rain.
May I have some more tea? Yes, of course, you may.
I wonder if I might ask you a favour.
2. PERMISSION.
a. MAY and MIGHT are both used to ask for permission. They are rather formal;
MIGHT carries the idea of being tentative or hesitant, and is not very common.
May I turn the television on?
I wonder if I might have a little more coffee.
MAY (not MIGHT) is also used to give permission; MAY NOT is used to refuse or forbid it.
Yes, of course you may.
Students may not stay out after midnight.
b. MAY and MIGHT can only normally be used to request, give and refuse permission. They are not usual when we talk about permission in other ways. Instead we use CAN and COULD.
These days, children can do what they like (not MAY).
When I was ten, I could watch more TV programmes if I asked my parents first (not MIGHT).
c. MIGHT does not normally have a past sense, only as the past tense of MAY in indirect
speech to report the giving of permission.
What are you doing here? The manager said I might look round.
3. POSSIBILITY.
a. MAY and MIGHT are often used to talk about the possibility that something will happen, or is happening. MIGHT is not the past of MAY; it suggests a smaller (present or future)
probability than MAY.
We may go climbing in the Atlas next summer.
I wonder where Aicha is. She may be with Nawal, I suppose.
Badr might phone. If he does, could you ask him to ring later?
I might get a job soon.
MAY is not used interrogatively in questions about possibility:
Is it likely to rain?
Do you think she's with Nawal?
b. MIGHT can have a conditional use.
If you took some exercise, you might not be so fat.
c. Both MAY and MIGHT can be used with perfect infinitives to talk about the possibility that past events happened.
Polly's very late. She may have missed her train.
What do you think that noise was? It might have been a cat.
MIGHT can also be used in this structure to say that a past event was possible, but didn't happen.
You were stupid to try climbing up there. You might have killed yourself.
CAN/COULD.
CAN/COULD.
1. ABILITY.
a. Present and future.
CAN is usually used to talk about the present or the general ability, -the ability to do
something any time you want to.
Look! I can do it!
You can certainly cook even if you can't do anything else.
BE ABLE is also possible but less common.
I'll be able to speak Spanish in a few months.
But CAN is often possible when people make present decisions about future ability.
We're too busy today, but we can repair your car tomorrow.
Can you come to a party on Saturday?
b. Past.
COULD is used for "general ability", to say that you could do something any time you wanted to.
She could sing like an angel when she was a kid.(or she was able)
My father could speak six languages.
COULD is not used to talk about particular ability (to do something on one occasion) in the past.
Instead we use WAS ABLE TO DO, MANAGED TO DO or SUCCEEDED IN DOING.
How many eggs was he able to eat in the competition? (not could)
He managed to eat 80 eggs . (not could)
After six hours' climbing, we succeeded in reaching the top of the mountain. (not could)
The negative COULDN'T is used for both general and particular ability.
When I was younger, I couldn't decide what I wanted to do.
Salim was so tired that he couldn't reach the front door.
c. Conditional COULD.
COULD is also used in a conditional sense (meaning "would be able to).
I could have a really good time if I had a flat of my own.
We could do it by midday if we had the tools.
d. Could with the perfect infinitive.
Sometimes we want to say that we had the ability to do something, but we didn't try to do
it. There is a special structure for this: COULD + perfect infinitive.
I could have married anybody I wanted to
I could have bought it!
You could have helped me!
The structure can have a conditional meaning:
He could have won if he hadn't fallen down during the race.
Negative sentences with this structure express the idea of "I wouldn't have been able to do it even if I had tried".
I couldn't have won, so I didn't go in for the race.
2. POSSIBILITY (CAN and COULD, MAY and MIGHT)
a. Theoretical possibility.
CAN is used to say that events and situations are possible (without talking about the
chances of them actually happening).
Anybody who wants to can become a volunteer in our community.
How many books can fit into this school bag?
Sentences with CAN often give information about the characteristic behaviour of people or things.
Agadir can be very warm in December.
Gold can't be dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
To talk about the past, COULD is used.
My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times.
We often use CAN to make suggestions about possible solutions to a problem, or possible actions.
We've got three choices: we can go to the police, we can talk to him ourselves, or we can forget all about it.
In order to make suggestions more "tentative" -less strong and definite- we use COULD.
We could try asking Leila, if you think it's a good idea.
Could we meet again tomorrow?
b. Chances.
1. Future possibility.
We don't use CAN to say that there is a chance that something will happen.
Instead, we usually use MAY or MIGHT.
We may go climbing this summer.
COULD is used to give the idea that something is just possible, but not particularly likely.
We could go climbing this summer, but I doubt if we'll have time.
2. Present possibility.
MAY, MIGHT and COULD are also used to say that something is possibly true at the moment of speaking.
You may be right.
You could be right, but I don't think you are.
This could be your big chance.
CAN is sometimes used to talk about present possibility, but only in questions and negative
sentences.
Who can that be at the door?
Can it be Sara? (Not *It can be Susan)
What can she possibly want?
It can't be true. (not *It can be true)
3. CAN and COULD with the perfect infinitive.
CAN and COULD are both used with the perfect infinitive (have + past participle) for speculating or guessing about the past. CAN is only used in questions and negative sentences.
Where can he have gone?
He can't have gone to school. It's Saturday.
He could have gone off with some friends. (not can)
COULD with the perfect infinitive, is also used to talk about an unrealized past possibility:
something that was possible but didn't happen.
You were stupid to go cycling there. You could have broken your leg.
It wasn't a good idea to throw the bottle out of the window. It could have hit somebody.
You could have told me you had invited people to dinner (used to criticize people)
My parents wanted me to be a doctor, but I couldn't have put up with all those years of
study. (something was not possible.)
MAY and MIGHT can also be used with the perfect infinitive in similar ways to COULD.
3. PERMISSION (CAN and COULD, MAY and MIGHT)
a. Asking for permission.
CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT are all used in asking for permission. CAN is probably
the commonest of the four.
Can I have more tea , please?
COULD is rather more hesitant than CAN, and is used when you are not sure that you will get a permission (or when you don't want to sound too sure).
Could I ask you something if you are not too busy?
MAY and MIGHT are used in a more formal style. MIGHT is more hesitant and is not very
common.
b. Giving permission.
When we give permission we use CAN and MAY but not COULD or MIGHT.
Could I use your phone? Yes, of course, you can. (not could)
Might I trouble you for a light? You may indeed. (not might)
4. OFFERS AND REQUESTS.
CAN and COULD are often used to offer to do things for people, and to ask other people
to do things. COULD is more hesitant, less definite than CAN and it is used when we want to make an offer or a request seem more polite or respectful. Statements and questions are both common.
I can lend you two hundred dirhams till Wednesday if that will help.
I could do the shopping for you, if you're tired.
Can I carry your bag?
Could I give you dinner one of these days?
You can start by doing the washing up, and then you can clean the car.
You could phone Aicha and see what time she's coming.
Can you come here a minute, please?
Could you help me with this exercise, please?
1. ABILITY.
a. Present and future.
CAN is usually used to talk about the present or the general ability, -the ability to do
something any time you want to.
Look! I can do it!
You can certainly cook even if you can't do anything else.
BE ABLE is also possible but less common.
I'll be able to speak Spanish in a few months.
But CAN is often possible when people make present decisions about future ability.
We're too busy today, but we can repair your car tomorrow.
Can you come to a party on Saturday?
b. Past.
COULD is used for "general ability", to say that you could do something any time you wanted to.
She could sing like an angel when she was a kid.(or she was able)
My father could speak six languages.
COULD is not used to talk about particular ability (to do something on one occasion) in the past.
Instead we use WAS ABLE TO DO, MANAGED TO DO or SUCCEEDED IN DOING.
How many eggs was he able to eat in the competition? (not could)
He managed to eat 80 eggs . (not could)
After six hours' climbing, we succeeded in reaching the top of the mountain. (not could)
The negative COULDN'T is used for both general and particular ability.
When I was younger, I couldn't decide what I wanted to do.
Salim was so tired that he couldn't reach the front door.
c. Conditional COULD.
COULD is also used in a conditional sense (meaning "would be able to).
I could have a really good time if I had a flat of my own.
We could do it by midday if we had the tools.
d. Could with the perfect infinitive.
Sometimes we want to say that we had the ability to do something, but we didn't try to do
it. There is a special structure for this: COULD + perfect infinitive.
I could have married anybody I wanted to
I could have bought it!
You could have helped me!
The structure can have a conditional meaning:
He could have won if he hadn't fallen down during the race.
Negative sentences with this structure express the idea of "I wouldn't have been able to do it even if I had tried".
I couldn't have won, so I didn't go in for the race.
2. POSSIBILITY (CAN and COULD, MAY and MIGHT)
a. Theoretical possibility.
CAN is used to say that events and situations are possible (without talking about the
chances of them actually happening).
Anybody who wants to can become a volunteer in our community.
How many books can fit into this school bag?
Sentences with CAN often give information about the characteristic behaviour of people or things.
Agadir can be very warm in December.
Gold can't be dissolved in hydrochloric acid.
To talk about the past, COULD is used.
My grandmother could be very unpleasant at times.
We often use CAN to make suggestions about possible solutions to a problem, or possible actions.
We've got three choices: we can go to the police, we can talk to him ourselves, or we can forget all about it.
In order to make suggestions more "tentative" -less strong and definite- we use COULD.
We could try asking Leila, if you think it's a good idea.
Could we meet again tomorrow?
b. Chances.
1. Future possibility.
We don't use CAN to say that there is a chance that something will happen.
Instead, we usually use MAY or MIGHT.
We may go climbing this summer.
COULD is used to give the idea that something is just possible, but not particularly likely.
We could go climbing this summer, but I doubt if we'll have time.
2. Present possibility.
MAY, MIGHT and COULD are also used to say that something is possibly true at the moment of speaking.
You may be right.
You could be right, but I don't think you are.
This could be your big chance.
CAN is sometimes used to talk about present possibility, but only in questions and negative
sentences.
Who can that be at the door?
Can it be Sara? (Not *It can be Susan)
What can she possibly want?
It can't be true. (not *It can be true)
3. CAN and COULD with the perfect infinitive.
CAN and COULD are both used with the perfect infinitive (have + past participle) for speculating or guessing about the past. CAN is only used in questions and negative sentences.
Where can he have gone?
He can't have gone to school. It's Saturday.
He could have gone off with some friends. (not can)
COULD with the perfect infinitive, is also used to talk about an unrealized past possibility:
something that was possible but didn't happen.
You were stupid to go cycling there. You could have broken your leg.
It wasn't a good idea to throw the bottle out of the window. It could have hit somebody.
You could have told me you had invited people to dinner (used to criticize people)
My parents wanted me to be a doctor, but I couldn't have put up with all those years of
study. (something was not possible.)
MAY and MIGHT can also be used with the perfect infinitive in similar ways to COULD.
3. PERMISSION (CAN and COULD, MAY and MIGHT)
a. Asking for permission.
CAN, COULD, MAY and MIGHT are all used in asking for permission. CAN is probably
the commonest of the four.
Can I have more tea , please?
COULD is rather more hesitant than CAN, and is used when you are not sure that you will get a permission (or when you don't want to sound too sure).
Could I ask you something if you are not too busy?
MAY and MIGHT are used in a more formal style. MIGHT is more hesitant and is not very
common.
b. Giving permission.
When we give permission we use CAN and MAY but not COULD or MIGHT.
Could I use your phone? Yes, of course, you can. (not could)
Might I trouble you for a light? You may indeed. (not might)
4. OFFERS AND REQUESTS.
CAN and COULD are often used to offer to do things for people, and to ask other people
to do things. COULD is more hesitant, less definite than CAN and it is used when we want to make an offer or a request seem more polite or respectful. Statements and questions are both common.
I can lend you two hundred dirhams till Wednesday if that will help.
I could do the shopping for you, if you're tired.
Can I carry your bag?
Could I give you dinner one of these days?
You can start by doing the washing up, and then you can clean the car.
You could phone Aicha and see what time she's coming.
Can you come here a minute, please?
Could you help me with this exercise, please?
VERY IMPORTANT READ THIS
VERY IMPORTANT
PLEASR READ THIS
YOUR FRIEND
YOUR SCHOOLMATE
AND YOUR LOVELY CLASSMATE MARYEM CHHITI STARTED A NICE SPACE FOR HERSELF AND FOR YOU TOO TO EXPRESS HERSELF TO UNTIE HER TONGUE AND SAY WHAT IS ON HER MIND.
SO BE KIND ENOUGH TO VISIT HER BLOG AND LEAVE A FEW WORDS TO ENCOURAGE HER.
DO NOT LET HER DOWN.
JUST CLICK THE LINK BELOW TO GO THERE.
http://maryemchhiti.blogspot.com/
PLEASR READ THIS
YOUR FRIEND
YOUR SCHOOLMATE
AND YOUR LOVELY CLASSMATE MARYEM CHHITI STARTED A NICE SPACE FOR HERSELF AND FOR YOU TOO TO EXPRESS HERSELF TO UNTIE HER TONGUE AND SAY WHAT IS ON HER MIND.
SO BE KIND ENOUGH TO VISIT HER BLOG AND LEAVE A FEW WORDS TO ENCOURAGE HER.
DO NOT LET HER DOWN.
JUST CLICK THE LINK BELOW TO GO THERE.
http://maryemchhiti.blogspot.com/
Thursday, 5 February 2009
SARA EL KORCHI : As It Comes To An End
As It Comes To An End
As I sit here in class,
I observe my friends
And look forward to the year
Coming to an end.
It's gonna be sad
To say good- bye.
I'll miss everyone.
I know I will cry.
I remember the day
When I came back
To be with my friends
And get on the right track.
We had so many moments;
Some bad, most great.
I'll always remember the love
And erase the hate.
I don't wanna say good- bye
To all my friends.
I don't want this year
To come to an end.
SARA EL KORCHI
As I sit here in class,
I observe my friends
And look forward to the year
Coming to an end.
It's gonna be sad
To say good- bye.
I'll miss everyone.
I know I will cry.
I remember the day
When I came back
To be with my friends
And get on the right track.
We had so many moments;
Some bad, most great.
I'll always remember the love
And erase the hate.
I don't wanna say good- bye
To all my friends.
I don't want this year
To come to an end.
SARA EL KORCHI
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